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Women, Business and the Law 2010 report
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<div id="toc"> <h2>Table of Contents</h2> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_team-members"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Team members</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_list-of-countries"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">List of countries</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_see-also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#w_video"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Video</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h1 id="w_background">Background</h1> Women, Business and the Law measures, in an objective fashion, legal differentiations on the basis of gender in <b>128 economies</b> around the world. It is the first report that measures the gender gap in policy variables using quantitative and objective data. It examines the laws, regulations and institutions that differentiate between women and men in ways that affect women’s incentives or capacity to work or to set up and run a business. The six topics covered are: [Image infos="Women_business_and_the_law.png|right|99px"] 1. Accessing institutions - explores women’s legal ability to interact with public authorities and the private sector in the same ways as men. 2. Using property - analyzes women’s ability to access and use property based on their ability to own, manage, control, and inherit it. 3. Getting a job - assesses restrictions on women’s work such as prohibitions on working at night or in certain industries. This indicator also covers laws on maternity and paternity protection and retirement ages. 4. Dealing with taxes - examines personal income tax liabilities, taking into account the tax credits and deductions available to women and men. 5. Building credit - identifies minimum loan thresholds in private credit bureaus and public credit registries and tracks credit bureaus and registries that collect information from microfinance institutions. 6. Going to court - considers the ease and affordability of access to justice by examining small claims courts. The report finds that every region contains with unequal rules for men and women, with the extent of inequality varying by region. Although income level is correlated with gender equality under the law, unequal legal provisions exist in both developed and developing economies. Women, Business and the Law is intended to further country level or cross-country research efforts on linkages between legal differentiations and outcomes for women. Using these data, policymakers can identify gender differentiated laws in their countries and particular areas where gender inequality may be especially pronounced. By focusing on the law, which is tangible and concrete, the report aims to provide policymakers with a starting point for dialogue and action. In fact, several countries are already changing their legislation in this area. <h1 id="w_team-members">Team members</h1> <ul> <li>Diala Makdissi Afram is a gender analyst in Enterprise Surveys. Ms. Makdissi Afram holds a Master of Laws degree with a concentration in international law and human rights. She previously practiced law in Sweden.</li> <li>Sarah Iqbal is a gender analyst in Enterprise Surveys. She previously practiced law in California and is a member of the California Bar. Ms. Iqbal holds a JD from UC Hastings with a concentration in international law, an MA in international relations with a concentration in economics from Johns Hopkins (SAIS), and a BA from UC Berkeley.</li> <li>Rita Ramalho is the Program Manager for Enterprise Surveys. She previously worked on the Doing Business report. Ms. Ramalho holds a PhD in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her research has focused on analyzing how different types of regulations can affect economic outcomes, with a recent focus on women’s economic outcomes.</li> <li>Jennifer Yip is a gender analyst in Enterprise Surveys. She previously worked for the Economic Reform and Development team in The Asia Foundation’s office in Cambodia. Ms. Yip holds a M.A. in Politics from Princeton University and a B.A. from Stanford University. Her background is in feminist political theory and comparative politics.</li> </ul> <h1 id="w_list-of-countries">List of countries</h1> <i>All 128 countries will be made available here.</i> <table border="1" width="200" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Albania#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Albania"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Bulgaria#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Bulgaria"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Ecuador#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Ecuador"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Iceland#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Iceland"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Latvia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Latvia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in the Netherlands#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in the Netherlands"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Romania#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Romania"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Chinese Taipei#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Chinese Taipei, Gender Equality in China"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Algeria#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Algeria"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Burkina Faso#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Burkina Faso"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Egypt#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Egypt, Arab Rep."]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in India#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in India"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Lebanon#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Lebanon"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in New Zealand#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in New Zealand"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in the Gender Equality in the Russian Federationn Federation#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in the Gender Equality in the Russian Federationn Federation"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Tanzania#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Tanzania"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Angola#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Angola"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Cambodia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Cambodia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in El Salvador#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|El_Salvador"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Indonesia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Indonesia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Lesotho#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Lesotho"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Nicaragua#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Nicaragua"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Rwanda#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Rwanda"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Thailand#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Thailand"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Argentina#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Argentina"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Cameroon#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Cameroon"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Estonia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Estonia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Iran#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Iran, Islamic Rep."]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Lithuania#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Lithuania"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Niger#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Niger"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Saudi Arabia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Saudi Arabia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Togo#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Togo"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Armenia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Armenia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Canada#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Canada"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Ethiopia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Ethiopia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Ireland#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Ireland"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Madagascar#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Madagascar"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Gender Equality in Nigeria#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Gender Equality in Nigeria"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Senegal#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Senegal"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Turkey#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Turkey"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Australia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Australia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Chad#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Chad"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Finland#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Finland"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Israel#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Israel"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Malawi#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Malawi"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Norway#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Norway"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Serbia and Montenegro and Gender Equality in Serbia and Montenegro and Montenegro#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Serbia and Montenegro"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Uganda#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Uganda"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Austria#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Austria"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Chile#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Chile"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in France#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in France"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Italy#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Italy"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Malaysia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Malaysia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Oman#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Oman"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Singapore#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Singapore"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Ukraine#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Ukraine"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Azerbaijan#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Azerbaijan"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in China#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in China"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Georgia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Georgia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Jamaica#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Jamaica"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Mali#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Mali"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Pakistan#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Pakistan"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Slovakia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Slovak Republic"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in the United Arab Emirates#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in the United Arab Emirates"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Bangladesh#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Bangladesh"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Colombia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Colombia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Germany#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Germany"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Japan#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Japan"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Mauritania#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Mauritania"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Panama#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Panama"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Slovenia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Slovenia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in the United Kingdom#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in the United Kingdom"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Belarus#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Belarus"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Democratic Gender Equality in the Republic of Congo#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Congo, Dem. Rep."]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Ghana#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Ghana"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Jordan#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Jordan"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Mexico#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Mexico"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Papua New Gender Equality in Guinea#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Papua New Gender Equality in Guinea"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in South Women and African Economic Development#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in South Women and African Economic Development"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in the Gender Equality in the United States of America of America of America#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in the United States of America of America"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Belgium#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Belgium"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Costa Rica#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Costa Rica"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Greece#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Greece"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Kazakhstan#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Kazakhstan"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Moldova#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Moldova"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Paraguay#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Paraguay"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Spain#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Spain"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Uruguay#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Uruguay"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Benin#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Benin"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Ivory Coast#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Côte d'Ivoire"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Guatemala#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Guatemala"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Kenya#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Kenya"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Mongolia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Mongolia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Peru#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Peru"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Sri Lanka#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Sri Lanka"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Uzbekistan#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Uzbekistan"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Bolivia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Bolivia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Croatia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Croatia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Guinea#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Guinea"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in South Korea#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in South Korea, Rep."]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Serbia and Montenegro and Montenegro#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Serbia and Montenegro and Montenegro"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in the Philippines#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in the Philippines"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Sudan#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Sudan"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Venezuela#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Venezuela, R. B."]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Gender Equality in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Herzegovina#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Gender Equality in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Herzegovina"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in the Czech Republic#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in the Czech Republic"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Honduras#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Honduras"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Kuwait#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Kuwait"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Morocco#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Morocco"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Poland#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Poland"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Sweden#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Sweden"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Vietnam#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Vietnam"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Botswana#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Botswana"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Denmark#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Denmark"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Hong Kong#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Hong Kong, Gender Equality in China"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Kyrgyzstan#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Kyrgyz Republic"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Namibia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Namibia"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Portugal#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Portugal"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Switzerland#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Switzerland"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Syria#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Syrian Arab Republic"]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Brazil#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Brazil"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in the Dominican Republic#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in the Dominican Republic"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Hungary#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Hungary"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Lao PDR#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Lao PDR"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Nepal#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Nepal"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Puerto Rico#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Puerto Rico"]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Yemen#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Yemen, Rep."]</td> <td>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Zambia#The_Women.2C_Business_and_the_Law|Gender Equality in Zambia"]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h1 id="w_see-also">See also</h1> <ul> <li>[Pagelink infos="Women, Business and the Law 2010 report: Methodology|Methodology"] (2010 report)</li> <li>[Pagelink infos="Women, Business and the Law, 2012|Women, Business and the Law 2012 report"]</li> <li>[Pagelink infos="Women, Business and the Law 2012 report: Methodology|2012 report methodology"]</li> <li><a href="http://wbl.worldbank.org">Women, Business and the Law website</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="w_video">Video</h2> The following video was done by Datapult, based on the indicator "Do men and women have equal rights under the law?" from the Women, Business and the Law 2010 report: <div class="alignleft"> [embed width="380"]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEkj4NP61AM[/embed] </div>
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