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Supporting working parents: Pregnancy and return to work discrimination

Etc.

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<div id="toc">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_supporting-working-parents-pregnancy-and-return-to-work-national-review"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Supporting Working Parents: Pregnancy and Return to Work National Review</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_methodology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Methodology</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_findings"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Findings</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_recommendations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Recommendations</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_see-also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_references"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_external-links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="w_supporting-working-parents-pregnancy-and-return-to-work-national-review">Supporting Working Parents: Pregnancy and Return to Work National Review</h2>
Supporting working parents: Pregnancy and return to work National Review is a national review of discrimination related to pregnancy, parental leave and on return to work after parental leave – a critical area of unpaid caring work. The full report can be found on the [Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Australian Human Rights Commission"] <a href="https://www.humanrights.gov.au/supporting-working-parents-pregnancy-and-return-work-national-review-0">web site</a>.

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In 2013, the Australian Government asked the Sex Discrimination Commissioner, on behalf of the Australian Human Rights Commission, to undertake a National Review into discrimination related to pregnancy, parental leave and return to work after parental leave. The aims of the National Review were to:
<ul>
	<li>provide national benchmark data and analysis on the prevalence, nature and consequences of discrimination at work related to pregnancy, parental leave, or on return to work after parental leave</li>
	<li>engage stakeholders (including government, industry and employer groups, unions and workers) to understand perspectives and experiences, and consider the prevalence data and its implications</li>
	<li>identify leading practices and strategies for employers supporting pregnant employees and men and women returning from parental leave</li>
	<li>provide recommendations for future actions to address the forms of discrimination identified through the project.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="w_methodology">Methodology</h2>
In conducting the National Review, the Commission collected quantitative data through a National Prevalence Survey. This survey provided the first representative data on the experiences of pregnancy/return to work discrimination by working mothers. It has also provided data on the experiences of discrimination of fathers and partners who have taken time off to care for their child.
In terms of qualitative data, the Commission undertook a wide-ranging consultation and submission process with stakeholders (including individuals affected by discrimination, unions and community organisations, employers and business and industry peaks) in the capital cities of every state and territory across Australia, as well as in some regional areas.
<h2 id="w_findings">Findings</h2>
Both the quantitative and qualitative data demonstrate that discrimination towards pregnant employees and working parents remains a widespread and systemic issue which inhibits the full and equal participation of working parents, and in particular, women, in the labour force.

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In addition to the negative impacts of discrimination on individual women and men, the National Review found that discrimination has a tangible impact on women’s workforce participation. The National Prevalence Survey revealed 32% of all mothers who were discriminated against during pregnancy, parental leave or on return to work went to look for another job or resigned. Such discrimination, particularly where it results in job loss or the withdrawal from the workforce, can have significant long-term effects.
Discrimination places an economic impost on employers, industries and individual organisations and on the Australian economy, particularly to the extent that it contributes to women’s under-participation or withdrawal from the workforce.

It has been estimated that increasing women’s workforce participation in Australia by 6% could increase the national GDP by $25 billion.Grattan Institute, Game-changers: Economic reform priorities for Australia (2012), p 39. Increased participation of women and greater gender diversity at senior levels in an organisation has tangible benefits in terms of better efficiency, performance and innovation, as well as increased access to the female talent pool and improvements to organisational reputation.

The National Review also identified the structural barriers that women and men face. These include the limited availability, affordability and accessibility of early childhood education and care services, as well as the underlying stereotypes and assumptions about childbearing, parenting and the roles of women and men in the home and in the workplace.
Workplace cultures that are informed by the existence of pervasive harmful stereotypes about ‘the pregnant employee’, ‘the employee with family or caring responsibilities’, ‘the flexible worker’ and stereotypes about the ‘ideal worker’ contribute to this discrimination.

Many employers also shared the difficulty they encountered in understanding their legal obligations – from the multiplicity of legislation with which they must comply, through to challenges in implementing their obligations. This was particularly evident in relation to accommodating the specific needs of pregnant employees, managing return to work for parents after parental leave (such as managing flexible work), and shifting ingrained stereotypes and attitudes that can impede the successful implementation of policy for, and management of, working parents.
<h2 id="w_recommendations">Recommendations</h2>
Although the existing legal framework is reasonably comprehensive, better protection against discrimination could be provided by strengthening it in a number of areas. However, the strategy with the highest impact in reducing discrimination in this area is to address the gap that currently exists between the law and its proper implementation within organisations.
Several complementary strategies and actions are necessary to address this gap. These include ensuring employers and employees gain an increased understanding of the legislative framework, improving the clarity and dissemination of information, conducting effective training, changing workplace cultures to remove harmful stereotypes, practices and behaviours, and monitoring the implementation of policies. With strong leadership within organisations, reforms that shape more supportive and successful workplaces can occur.

Many workplaces in Australia recognise both the importance of supporting working parents and the cost of discrimination to their organisations. The National Review met with and heard from workplaces that were implementing leading practices and strategies. They agreed that removing discrimination is a business imperative.

The principal finding of the National Review is that pregnancy/return to work discrimination is pervasive and has a cost for everyone – the person affected, their family, their workplace, on employers and on the national economy. Its existence is limiting the participation of women in paid work and the productivity of organisations and the national economy. Addressing workplace discrimination in this area is therefore not only a human rights imperative, but also a business priority.
<h2 id="w_see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
	<li>[Pagelink infos="Online Discussion: Unpaid care in the post-2015 agenda"] (20-24 October 2014)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="w_references">References</h2>
&nbsp;
<h2 id="w_external-links">External links</h2>
<ul>
	<li>Australian Human Rights Commission, Supporting Working Parents: Pregnancy and Return to Work National Review (https://www.humanrights.gov.au/supporting-working-parents-pregnancy-and-return-work-national-review-0).</li>
</ul>

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