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History of Infanticide

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Infanticide has been the norm within many cultures throughout history. Child sacrifice to ancient deities and spirits was quite common during ancient times. Anthropologist Laila Williamson observes has been practiced on every continent and by people on every level of cultural complexity, from hunter gatherers to high civilizations. Rather than being an exception, then, it has been the rule”<ref>Williamson, Laila (1978). "Infanticide: an anthropological analysis". in Kohl, Marvin. Infanticide and the Value of Life. NY: Prometheus Books. pp. 61–75.</ref>.<br />
</p><p>Most times in Asia and Europe, families would just abandon their babies to die of hypothermia, hunger, thirst or an animal attack.<ref>Boswell, John Eastburn (1984). "Exposition and oblation: the abandonment of children and the ancient and medieval family". American Historical Review 89 (1): 10–33</ref>. 
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<div id="toc"><h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_ancient-greece-amp-rome"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Greece & Rome</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_pagan-european-tribes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Pagan European Tribes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_christians"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Christians</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_middle-ages"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_middle-east"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Middle East</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_china"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_japan"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Japan"]</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_india"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_africa"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">[Pagelink infos="Women and African Economic Development"]</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_why-do-people-practice-infanticide"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Why do people practice Infanticide?</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_references"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_see-also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See Also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div><h2 id="w_ancient-greece-amp-rome">Ancient Greece & Rome<br /></h2>
<p>The Greeks considered infanticide barbaric, but instead of outright killing their babies, they practiced exposure <ref>Hughes, Dennis D. (1991). Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece. Routledge. pp. 187.</ref>. Exposure would be just leaving the child.it was not considered murder because a passerby or a God could take pity on the child and save it <ref>Knapp, A. Bernard. Prehistoric and protohistoric [Pagelink infos="Cyprus"]: identity, insularity, and connectivity . Oxford: Oxford Press, 2008.</ref>. <br />In Rome, exposure was common, in a letter from a man to his wife during 1 BC he says:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"<i>I am still in Alexandria. ... I beg and plead with you to take care of our little child, and as soon as we receive wages, I will send them to you. In the meantime, if (good fortune to you!) you give birth, if it is a boy, let it live; if it is a girl, expose it.</i>" <ref>Naphtali, Lewis, ed (1985). "Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 744". Life in Egypt Under Roman Rule. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54..</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
</p><p>Another option would be to take the child to the family patriarch and they would decide whether the child should be killed or left to exposure. Usually babies with birth defects were killed. By 374 AD infanticide was illegal in Rome, but offenders were rarely ever prosecuted.<ref name="null">Radbill, Samuel X. (1974). "A history of child abuse and infanticide". in Steinmetz, Suzanne K. and Murray A. Straus. Violence in the Family. NY: Dodd, Mead; Co.. pp. 173–179.</ref> <br />
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<h2 id="w_pagan-european-tribes">Pagan European Tribes</h2>
<p>German tribes also practiced a similar exposure to unwanted children. Many were left in the forest without food….this was especially common for children born out of wedlock.&nbsp;<ref>Boswell, John (1988). The Kindness of Strangers. NY: Vintage Books</ref><br />
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<h2 id="w_christians">Christians<br /></h2>
<p>Christianity abhorred infanticide. In Apostles it was written, <i>“You shall not kill that which is born”</i> <ref>Robinson, J. Armitage (translator), ed (1920). "Didache". Barnabas, Hermar and the Didache. D.ii.2c. NY: The MacMillan Co.. pp. 112.</ref>. In 318 AD Constantine I felt that infanticide was a crime. In 374 AD Valentinian stated that people must rear all children. The Council of Constantinople issued that infanticide was murder and in 589 AD the Third Council of Toledo worked on ending the Spanish custom of killing their children <ref name="null">Radbill, Samuel X. (1974). "A history of child abuse and infanticide". in Steinmetz, Suzanne K. and Murray A. Straus. Violence in the Family. NY: Dodd, Mead; Co.. pp. 173–179.</ref>. 
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<h2 id="w_middle-ages">Middle Ages<br /></h2>
<p>Child sacrifice was common among the Gauls, Celts, and Irish. "They would kill their piteous wretched offspring with much wailing and peril, to pour their blood around Crom Cruaich", a deity of pre-Christian Ireland&nbsp;<ref>Dorson, Richard (1968). Peasant Customs and Savage Myths: Selections from the British Folklorists. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 351</ref>.&nbsp; <br />But soon abandoning children on the doorsteps of churches and abbeys became more common than exposure. This gave birth to the worlds first orphanages. 
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<h2 id="w_middle-east">Middle East<br /></h2>
<p>In the Qur’an infanticide is forbidden. But before Islam, infanticide was practiced as “post partum birth control. Infanticide was practiced either out of destitution (thus practiced on males and females alike), or as sacrifices to gods, or as "disappointment and fear of social disgrace felt by a father upon the birth of a daughter". <ref>Edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe et al., Encyclopaedia of Qur'an 1st Edition., 5 vols. plus index., Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2001-2006, ISBN 90-04-14743-8</ref><br />
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<h2 id="w_china">China<br /></h2>
<p>Marco Polo wrote about seeing many babies exposed in Mani <ref>Polo, Marco (1965). The Travels. Middlesex: Penguin Books. pp. 174.</ref>. Sex selective infanticide was common in [Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in China"]. Han Fei Tzu, a Chinese philosopher in the 3rd century BC wrote that<br />“As to children, a father and mother when they produce a boy congratulate one another, but when they produce a girl they put it to death”<ref>Yu-Lan, Fung (1952). A History of Chinese Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 327.</ref> . <br />Many Chinese tribes practiced infanticide by putting the baby into a bucked of cold water, called “baby water” <ref>ao, Esther S. Lee (1983). Chinese Women: Past and Present. Mesquite: Ide House. pp. 75.</ref> . <br /> The 2006 edition of a book by two prominent historians stated that even by now, in China, infanticide seemed more likely for a girl than a boy.<ref>John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman: China: A New History. Second Enlarged Edition. Cambridge, MA and London, England, p.18.</ref>
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<h2 id="w_japan"><br />[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in Japan"]<br /></h2>
<p>Infanticide was called “mabiki” which means to pull plants from an overcrowded garden. Mabiki was still practiced in the 19th and early 20th centuries.&nbsp;<ref>Vaux, Kenneth (1989). Birth Ethics. NY: Crossroad. pp. 12.</ref> 
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<h2 id="w_india">India<br /></h2>
<p>Female Infanticide was common in [Pagelink infos="Gender Equality in India"]. Parents often threw their children into the Ganges River as a sacrificial offering. This practice could not be stopped until the early 19th century.&nbsp;<ref name="null">Davies, Nigel (1981). Human Sacrifice. NY: William Morrow Co.</ref> 
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<h2 id="w_africa">[Pagelink infos="Women and African Economic Development"]<br /></h2>
<p>Children were killed if they were believed to have brought bad luck. So more often than no, twins were murdered because they were considered to be bad omens. Also if a parent died during childbirth, the baby would be buried alive. <ref name="null">Basden, G.T. (1996). Niger Ibos. NY: Barnes; Noble. pp. 180–184, 262–263.</ref><br />
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<h2 id="w_why-do-people-practice-infanticide">Why do people practice Infanticide?<br /></h2>
<p>Cultural prejudices and practices are hard to break and looking back into history it is easy to see why the killing of children has been considered normal. <br />
</p><p>Usually it has been because of economic problems. In times of famine, families would practice infanticide. Due to cultural norms where the need for a son a paramount, daughters are considered a burden because they cannot support families as easily as sons can. A daughter can be a liability and for poverty stricken families the price of a daughter in regards to a dowry can be too much. As one Indian proverb states: “Having a daughter is like watering your neighbors garden”. 
</p><p>As of today, with advanced technology of abortions, and ultra sounds to determine the sex of a child…it has become easy and efficient to end a pregnancy before birth. 
</p><p>The need that families have for boys is poignant, and when discovering that they’re soon to be baby will be a girl…abortions or can infanticide occurs. 21st century technology plus old-fashioned beliefs do not mix well together. There has been an abuse of this technology resulting in the infanticide and abortions of female girls. 
</p><p>Laws will not be as effective. In order to be successful there must be a cultural revolution of some sort to put females in a respected part of society, so that this infanticide of females no longer occurs.<br />
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<h2 id="w_references">References</h2>
<p><references /><br />
</p>
<h2 id="w_see-also">See Also <br /></h2>
<ul><li>[Pagelink infos="Gendercide in Gender Equality in China"] 
</li><li>[Pagelink infos=""Female Genocide" in Gender Equality in India"]
</li><li>[Pagelink infos="One child policy|One child policy"] 
</li><li>[Pagelink infos="Missing Women"]
</li></ul>
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