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Gender Equality and Trade Policy

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<i>Women play a major role in contributing to the economy, to better governance, and to their communities and households. Discrimination and marginalization reduces this contribution, making societies worse off. Just like income inequality, gender discrimination tends to reduce growth and hold back development by crippling a part of society´s human capital. By contrast, there is ample evidence that enhanced opportunities for women lead to improvements in poverty reduction and accelerated economic growth.</i>UNCTAD. Trade, Gender and Development. Available at: http://www.unctad.org/Templates/StartPage.asp?intItemID=5118&amp;amp;amp;lang=1
<div id="toc">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_gender-equality-and-trade-policy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Gender Equality and Trade Policy</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_new-online-feature-on-gender-equality-and-trade-policy-by-womenwatch"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">New online feature on Gender Equality and Trade Policy - by Womenwatch</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_see-also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_references"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
	<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#w_external-links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="w_gender-equality-and-trade-policy">Gender Equality and Trade Policy</h2>
[Image infos="Gender-equality-and-trade-policy.jpg|thumb"] Including gender perspectives in trade policy and related agreements is an essential element of an integrated development policy framework which combines social and economic measures to ensure fairer and beneficial outcomes for all. Trade can have strong and varying effects on the overall wellbeing of different groups of economic actors, including women, who require adequate and specific policy responses.

While trade policies need to become gender-responsive, other measures not directly related to trade are also necessary if both women and men - and the economy as a whole - are to reap the full benefits of trade expansion. These include [Pagelink infos="Access to Education|education"], employment, fiscal and social policies, and, above all, policies that enhance productive capacities. Women’s education and continuing skills acquisition are likely to be the most important factors determining the impact of trade on women’s economic opportunities and on reducing the gender wage gap. As long as women remain less qualified than men, they are likely to remain in lower paying, less secure jobs, even if better-paying jobs become available through trade expansion. Improving women's access to education, technology and skills, on the other hand, implies a change in attitudes and in socio-cultural norms, as well as a more equitable distribution of household chores between men and women; moreover, it cannot happen without addressing the "time poverty" issue.

Two common shortcomings should be avoided when mainstreaming gender in trade policy:
<ul>
	<li>First, - the "adding-on" shortcoming - consists of making gender considerations an after-thought; in other words, gender-differentiated impacts of trade policy and trade agreements are evaluated once the most crucial phases of trade policy formulation and negotiation are already completed.</li>
	<li>The second - the "evaporation" shortcoming - consists of discussing and assessing gender-related issues during trade policy formulation and negotiations but failing to include concrete measures in the core of trade agreements and trade laws.UNCTAD. Resource Paper on Gender Equality and Trade Policy.</li>
</ul>
Available at: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/gender_equality_and_trade_policy.pdf

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<h2 id="w_new-online-feature-on-gender-equality-and-trade-policy-by-womenwatch">New online feature on Gender Equality and Trade Policy - by Womenwatch</h2>
The is available at <a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/">online feature </a>and presents the collective views of the UN system on the links between gender equality and trade policy. The feature provides a summary overview of key questions, concerns and policy recommendations while providing reference to related UN resolutions, UN official documentation, publications and websites. The feature contains the following sections:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/Gender-Equality-in-the-Context-of-Globalization-Trade-Liberalization-and-the-UN-Development-Agenda.html">Section II</a> briefly reviews the evolution of the international debate on <b>globalization, trade liberalization and their impacts on equitable development</b>, in the context of the United Nations Development agenda as the overarching framework for development.</li>
	<li><a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/Gender-Perspectives-in-Trade-Policy.html">Section III</a> dwells upon the relevance of integrating - or mainstreaming - <b>gender perspectives in trade policy</b> and discusses the implications of women's economic [Pagelink infos="Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base Variables: Political Empowerment|empowerment"] on trade and economic growth.</li>
	<li><a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/Effects-of-Trade-on-Gender-Equality-in-Labour-Markets-and-Small-scale-Enterprises.html">Section IV</a> analyzes, through a gender lens, some commonly observed <b>impacts of international trade on labor markets and small businesses</b>.</li>
	<li><a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/Labour-Mobility-and-Gender-Equality-Migration-and-Trade-in-Services.html">Section V</a> addresses the potential of <b>labor mobility </b>as a tool for women's empowerment in the context of international migration and international trade in services.</li>
	<li><a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/Trade-Agriculture-Food-Security-and-Gender-Equality.html">Section VI</a> further explains the interrelationships between <b>trade policy and gender equality in [Pagelink infos="Women and Agriculture|agriculture"]</b>.</li>
	<li><a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/The-Global-Economic-Crisis-and-its-Impact-on-Trade-and-Gender-Equality.html">Section VII</a> reflects upon the impact of the <b>financial and economic crisis </b>on women and presents data and examples of policies implemented by governments to address it.</li>
	<li><a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/Implementing-Gender-Responsive-Trade-Policies-Obstacles-and-Good-Practices.html">Section VIII</a> reviews good practices in <b>incorporating gender considerations in trade policy</b> and trade agreements.</li>
	<li>Finally, <a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/The-Way-Forward.html">Section IX</a> presents a non-exhaustive list of <b>actions undertaken by the UN system </b>to support the process of making trade policy more responsive to the specific needs of women and instrumental to gender equality and women's empowerment.</li>
	<li>The <a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/annex.html">Annex</a> includes <b>UN Resolutions, UN official documents, publications and websites</b> on the issues addressed in the special feature.</li>
</ul>
The special feature is an output of the <a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ianwge/">Inter-agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANGWE)</a>. <a href="http://www.unctad.org/">UNCTAD</a> - as manager of the IANWGE Task Force on Gender and Trade - led and coordinated the initiative, with support from <a href="http://www.unwomen.org/">UN Women</a> as IANWGE task manager of <a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/">Womenwatch</a>.
<h2 id="w_see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
	<li>[Pagelink infos="United Nations_Women_Watch|United Nations Women Watch"]</li>
	<li>[Pagelink infos="Gender Equality and Decent Work"]</li>
	<li>[Pagelink infos="Gender and Trade Initiative (GATI)|Gender and Trade Initiative"]</li>
	<li>[Pagelink infos="Capacity building program on Gender and Trade Unions|Capacity Building Programme on Gender and Trade Unions"]</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="w_references">References</h2>
&nbsp;
<h2 id="w_external-links">External links</h2>
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/">UN Womenwatch</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/">UN Womenwatch: Special feature on Gender Equality and Trade Policy</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.unctad.org/">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.unctad.org/Templates/StartPage.asp?intItemID=5118&lang=1">UNCTAD: Trade, Gender and Development</a></li>
</ul>

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