Master 2 in Development Economics and International Project Management (DEIPM)

Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC) and Université Gustave Eiffel (UGE)

Article published as part of Wikigender University

Introduction

Freedom from violence is a human right for all. While considering human rights, it’s important to understand that human beings are multi-layered and complex, with various social identities that transcend to different and unique experiences. For this reason, when discussing gender-based violence, the concept of intersectionality can effectively ensure that no one’s experiences are being overlooked or intentionally dismissed. In this article, I address how an intersectional approach is needed to carefully address gender-based violence and most specifically violence against women, as not all women have the same likelihood to survive from violence because of their gender. Gender-based violence is one of the many obstacles that impede the realization of women’s empowerment.

Eliminating gender-based violence requires immediate attention and action. Based on OECD data, more than one in three women have suffered from intimate-partner violence at least once in their lifetime.[1]Practices such as child marriage are a reality for the lives of 15 million girls when measured every year. Gender-based violence and violence against women and girls present not only long-term physiological traumas for societies but also places large costs on economies. The global cost of violence against women was estimated to be US$1.5 trillion, equivalent to approximately 2% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), or roughly represented the entire size of the Canadian economy.[2]

The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women states that “all the SDGs depend on the achievement of Goal 5.”[3] Sustainable Development Goal 5’s mandate is to achieve gender equality and to empower all women and girls by ensuring equal rights and opportunities as well as eliminating all forms of violence against all women and girls. This empowerment of half of the population will no doubt shape society. Yet undoubtedly some women and girls will be overlooked in this mandate. As a result, approaches to capture these women and girls along with their multiple dimensions of identity should be put into practice. An intersectional approach can help achieve Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5) to end all forms of discrimination and eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls. Women and girls face different challenges thus there is not one solution that can achieve SDG 5.

The call for the SDG 5 is also relevant for men and boys. Gendered norms and opportunities govern the lives of men and boys. The experiences of individual men and boys can be used to hold men accountable to gender equitable that in turn benefits all human beings.

What is Gender-Based Violence?

Gender-based violence (GBV) is defined by the United Nations as violence that is directed against a person based on their gender or sex. During the 1995 Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, violence against women was defined as “any act that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life.” This definition does not include for every form of violence a person may experience but rather those such as rape, domestic violence, sexual violence, psychological violence, and economic abuse that are fueled by the patriarchal culture and the power imbalance between men and women. Although women are also capable of perpetuating various forms of violence against men, gender-based violence affects women at a much higher rate. In fact, one in three women worldwide will experience gender-based violence (GBV) as will one in five men.[4] Furthermore, the data suggests that as many as 38% of all murders of women are committed by male partners.[5] The overwhelming majority of gender-based violence cases occur with men as the perpetrators. For this reason, this article will not use the term violence against women, as this term can overlook the responsibility of this issue on one gender rather than all genders.

Gender-based violence affects the lives of people of all backgrounds. In fact, one in three women in their lifetime are victims of gender-based violence.^[6] The current global pandemic of COVID-19 entails not only devastating traumas for survivors, but also includes significant costs for development. Studies reveal that in some countries, gender-based violence is estimated to cost up to 3.7% of their GDP.^[7] In retrospect this figure is more than double what most governments spend on education. Despite the fact that 35% of women worldwide are victims of sexual or physical partner violence, our society does not treat victims of gender-based violence the same.^[8] Discrimination in our societies creates barriers to the ways in which survivors of gender-based violence can seek help and recovery. A concept that explores various forms of discrimination and oppression can provide better solutions to all groups of people.

What is intersectionality?

The theory of intersectionality was first developed in 1984 by Dr. Kimberlé Crenshaw, a famed African American feminist activist, professor and lawyer. Crenshaw coined the concept of intersectionality as tool to understand the specific forms of discrimination by both race and sex. Crenshaw’s work demonstrated how the experiences of inequality for Black women took place at the intersection of racism and sexism. The barriers Black women faced when trying to seek redress around discrimination were challenged by the ideas of sexism constructed around white women and racism designed around Black men.[9]

In attempts to demonstrate how Black women in the United States face the intersections of racism and sexism, Crenshaw attempted to show how these two dimensions cannot be analysed separately to fully understand prejudices in society. Intersectionality has also been used to understand one’s experiences at the intersection of various identities including but not limited to race, social class, ethnicity, gender, disability, nationality, religion or immigration status.

In recent years, intersectionality has become a popular term in the hope to demolish societal hierarchies that perpetuate racism. The concept can be used to understand the multi-facets of oppression that affect groups of people in different ways. Intersecting factors can result to different profiles of vulnerability across women and girls even within the same country. For example, in the United States, Black and Native American women are twice as likely to live in poverty when compared to white women.[10] In Nigeria, women and girls from poor households are nearly five times as likely to be child brides compared to those from rich households.[11]

People can be discriminated against for their race or gender yet often, the intersection of both race and gender is not considered in policymaking. Furthermore, the systems we use to fight against discrimination in our societies can be constructed around a single identity rather than multiple or intersectional identities that includes all people. It should be noted that there is not a hierarchical degree of inequalities and oppression when adopting an intersectional framework to gender-based violence.

Intersectional Approaches to Gender-Based Violence

In solving gender-based violence, intersectionality can be used to understand how overlapping identities can create a particular experience of violence. The UN Women’s Handbook for National Action Plans on Violence Against Women (2012) recommends that policies to fight against gender violence should recognise that factors such as race, skin color, religion, political stance, nationality, marital status, sexual orientation, HIV/AIDS status, migrant or refugee status, age, or disability can affect one’s experiences of violence.^[12] The lived experiences of intersectional identities must be taken into account to develop responses when addressing GBV.

In the United States, studies continue to reveal that Black women as well as those identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender experience higher rates of gender-based violence. In fact, more than four in ten Black women have experienced violence from an intimate partner.^[13] The data reveals that Black women are at higher risk of sexual violence when compared to White women, Latinas, and Asian/Pacific Islander women.^[14] Lesbian and transgender women also face higher risk of sexual violence. Furthermore, LBGTQ experiences are often excluded in strategies to curb gender violence.^[15]

By adopting an intersectional approach, agencies that provide assistance to combat gender-based violence can better help victims overcome the specific barriers they may face. For example, if we imagine a situation where a victim of gender-based violence is a Black woman who lives in a poor neighborhood, this person may face several barriers when attempting to seek help. The multi-facets of her identity may put her in a position where not only being a woman is perpetuating the violence being inflicted upon her but also her social-economic status and race operating within an oppressive institution.

In countries throughout the world, oppression and domination has been a major feature of history. Racist and classist institutions that have upheld oppression in societies have the ability to fuel injustices that ignore gender-based violence and in turn stagnant development. An intersectional approach in promoting development could assist in confronting the unequal power dynamics in societies, not only for women but also for those who are not able to fully participate in the economy due to their race, class or poverty-level. Case studies in the United States and South Africa exemplify a culture of dominance in which race and class oppression has created a culture of violence against women. As a result, violence against half of the nation’s population is creating barriers for development. Intersectionality can help us better understand and solve the various levels of inequalities that encompasses the oppression of women and of all people. 

Conclusion

The shortcoming arises when we are unaware of which women and girls are the most vulnerable. There is a lack of data on women and girls, suggesting that their needs or experiences are not a priority when it comes to policymaking as well as in turn hampering our ability to understand gender differences.[16] Disaggregating data by sex is an important first step to identity, understand and address the ways in which gender inequalities are affecting women’s lives. Furthermore, datasets do not always reflect the fact that women are not a homogenous group defined by their gender alone. The multiple dimensions of one’s identity is often neglected in data collection and analysis. The language used in surveys along with the methods used to collect and analyse data can unveil or obscure inequalities. Inclusive datasets can be a powerful tool to uncover inequities.

The OECD Development Centre’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) provides data on discrimination against women in social institutions across 180 countries. By measuring laws, social norms and practices that affect women and girls, the SIGI aims to capture the root causes of gender discrimination in order to provide the evidence required for transformative and intersectional policymaking.[17] The SIGI is also an official source for monitoring SDG 5.1.1 “Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor gender equality and women’s empowerment.”

Policies can be made in an intersectional framework by promoting women’s leadership. For example, to design a policy that ensures VAGW services needs are met for all women, policies should be designed by all women. Further, when understanding that Black women face multiple forms of marginalisation based on their identity, the appropriate responses needed would be designed by Black women themselves to capture the intersecting oppressions that Black women face. To meaningfully address violence perpetuated towards women and girls, it is critical that policies are conceived considering these intersecting oppressions. Emphasising the involvement of minority women in policymaking and implementation can help design sustainable policies around practical needs and priorities of minority groups, in turn creating solutions to gender-based violence that is rooted in the social, cultural, political, and economic reality of all women. Therefore, tackling significant barriers such as poverty, discrimination, insecure housing, and lack of access to education, employment and healthcare is essential to ensuring the elimination of gender-based violence.

In conclusion, intersectionality confronts the roots of the power imbalances, in turn creating a framework for human rights policymaking. Intersectionality applied to policies that aim to mitigate gender-based violence may help bridge the gaps between prejudices in societies. This concept can be implemented in policymaking by applying a specific focus on groups that are marginalised. In doing so, policies must acknowledge all perspectives and experiences. As commonly said, policymaking is not a one size fits all option. For this reason, intersectionality is key in developing effective strategies to combat gender-based violence.

References

Crenshaw, K. (1994). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. In R. K. Bergen, J. L. Edleson, & C. M. Renzetti, Violence against women: Classic papers (p. 282–313). Pearson Education New Zealand.

Criado-Perez (2019), Bill and Melinda Gates. “We Didn’t See This Coming,” Gates Notes. February, 12 2019.

Gentlewarrior, S., & Fountain, K. (2009). Culturally competent service provision to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survivors of sexual violence. VAWnet, National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women: http://new.vawnet.org/ Assoc_Files_VAWnet/AR_ LGBTSexualViolence.pdf

Green, Susan (2020).  “Violence against Black Women – Many Types, Far-Reaching Effects,” https://iwpr.org/iwpr-issues/race-ethnicity-gender-and-economy/violence-against-black-women-many-types-far-reaching-effects/.

Human Rights Campaign (2021). “Sexual Assault and the LGBTQ Community.” https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-assault-and-the-lgbt-community.

Imkaan. The Value of Intersectionality In Understanding Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG). EU/UN Women’s Programme.

“Gender.” OECD. Accessed May 13, 2021. https://www.oecd.org/gender/vaw.htm.

Sosa, L. (2017). Intersectionality and Violence against Women. In Intersectionality in the Human Rights Legal Framework on Violence against Women: At the Centre or the Margins? (pp. 13-40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality. UN Women. (n.d.). https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality.

UN Women (2013). Costs of Violence. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.

World Bank (2019). “Gender-Based Violence (Violence Against Women and Girls).” https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialsustainability/brief/violence-against-women-and-girls.

World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization.

[1]OECD (2019), SIGI 2019 Global Report: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities, Social Institutions and Gender Index, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/bc56d212-en.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality. UN Women. (n.d.). https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality.

[4] Facts and figures: Ending violence against women: What we do. UN Women. (n.d.). https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/facts-and-figures.

[5] World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization.

^[6] World Bank (2019). “Gender-Based Violence (Violence Against Women and Girls).” https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialsustainability/brief/violence-against-women-and-girls.

^[7] Ibid.

^[8] Ibid.

[9] Imkaan. The Value of Intersectionality In Understanding Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG). EU/UN Women’s Programme.

[10] UN Women (2012), “Handbook for National Action Plans on Violence against Women,”  UN Women Headquarters

[11] Ibid.

^[12] UN Women (2012).

^[13] Green, Susan (2020) “Violence against Black Women – Many Types, Far-Reaching Effects,” IWPR.

^[14] Ibid.

^[15]  Gentlewarrior, S., & Fountain, K. (2009). “Culturally competent service provision to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survivors of sexual violence.” National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women.

[16] Criado-Perez (2019), Bill and Melinda Gates. “We Didn’t See This Coming,” Gates Notes. February, 12 2019.

[17] “Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI),” accessed May 13, 2021, https://www.genderindex.org/.

Master 2 in Development Economics and International Project Management (DEIPM)

Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC) and Université Gustave Eiffel (UGE)

Article published as part of Wikigender University

Context

In this article we explore the relationship between disability and gender. Divided into three parts, the first section compiles research on this intersectionality, describing the gendering process through the lens of a disability. Section two distinguishes between masculine and feminine coping mechanisms and highlights findings on gender differences in healthcare services. The final section, section three, takes on a global approach and compares treatment and accessibility for disabled persons between developed and developing regions. The purpose of this article is to showcase the potential for gendered research to act as a catalyst in healthcare and development.

Section I. The Intersection between Gender and Disability

Section 1.1: Defining Gender

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), gender is the socially constructed behaviours, norms and expectations associated with being a woman, man, boy or girl^[1]. Societal expectations for gender are typically rooted in a person’s biological sex, even if sex and gender do not explicitly overlap. We note that the nature of these expectations has varied over time and continues to vary from culture to culture.

Section 1.2: Defining Disability  

Disability is defined as any limitation of the body or mind that makes it more difficult for a person to participate and interact with the world around them^[2]. The WHO is careful to note that disability is a natural element of being human, given that almost everyone experiences either a temporary or permanent disability at some point in their lifetime^[3]. Disability encompasses limitations in the capacity to see, move, think, remember, learn, communicate, hear, or engage socially, among other functions. This non-exhaustive list makes clear that some disabilities are more visible, and in some cases more impairing, than others. The implications resulting from a disability can be a product not only of the type of impairment but also the severity and onset of the condition.

Section 1.3: Intersectionality Between Gender and Disability

Theories on the relationship between disability and gender seek to address the ways in which disability affects the gendering process as well as to identify a disability’s impact on the experience of gender. Sociologists and anthropologists have concluded that disability is a social condition with many arguing that the greatest impediments brought by disability are rooted in stigmatization^[4].  The stigma attributed to disability limits an individual’s capacity to enact gender in the “appropriately” masculine and feminine constructs, and this is increasingly true the more visible and severe the condition. For example, consider masculine constructs of strength and physical dominance and how a physical disability could limit an individual from displaying these characteristics “appropriately”. A mental disability can also greatly implicate an individual’s display, interpretation of, or capacity to understand gender norms. The degree to which a disability implicates gender performance is impacted not only by the severity of the condition but also by the age of onset. The earlier the onset of the disability the more likely the individual is to interpret gender socialisation through the lens of the condition and its resulting stigmas.

Researchers have identified the distinction between men and women’s experience of disability as “sexism without the pedestal” for women and the “erosion of male privilege” for men.^[5] From this assertion, we yield that stigmatization surrounding disability is strongly intertwined with the gendering process. Gerschick (2000) identifies three social dynamics which contextualize gender within disabilities: (1) the stigma assigned to disability, (2) gender as an interactional process and (3) the importance of the body to enact gender. In the following section, we expand on Gerschick’s third social dynamic.

Section 1.4: Stigmatization and Disability

Anthropologist Robert Murphy in his novel The Body Silent: The Different World of the Disabled describes stigmatization as the essence of disability (1990, 113). From the same token, we extrapolate that gender and its resulting stigmas are impacting on the perception and experience of one’s disability. Testimonials from disabled persons repeatedly cite experiences of marginalisation, discrimination, isolation and devaluation.^[6] In the following section, we explore the “double disadvantage” imposed on disabled women.

Section 1.5: Double Disadvantage

In the above sections we assert that disability is a largely interactional process, and that much of the experience of a disability is attributed to social expectations and attached stigmas. Further, we purport that this stigmatization is not fixed but rather varies from person to person based on their perceived experience, ability to meet expectations, as well as the severity and onset of their condition.

Women that are disabled suffer from a “double disadvantage” of sorts where they are subjected not only to the stigmatization (and resulting discrimination) associated with being disabled but also that of being a woman. The burden of a double disadvantage is evidenced in the disproportionate likelihood for disabled women to be sexually assaulted as well as the maintenance of a gender pay gap across cohorts of disability relatively equal in severity.^[7]

Section II. Coping Mechanisms and Healthcare Treatments 

Section 2.1: Gendered Differences in Coping Mechanisms

Studies on coping mechanisms and styles identify strong distinctions between visually impaired men and women, which suggests that women may face greater difficulty in the experience of their disability compared to their male counterparts. For example, an assessment of coping mechanisms for visual impairment found that women experienced greater mental distress and dissatisfaction with their health and psychological well-being. A study measuring participants’ perceptions of their ability to understand and communicate, get around, care for themselves, get along with people, perform household tasks and participate in society found that women fared worse in all domains with the exception of getting along with others and coping in school activities.^[8]

Section 2.2: Gendered Differences in Disabilities

Gendered differences in disability are evidenced not only by the effectiveness of coping strategies but also by gendered discrepancies in prevalence. Studies find that women have either a significantly higher prevalence or worsened experience in visual impairment, psychological disorders and physical disabilities.

Section 2.2.1: Visual Impairment

Even though the majority of visually impairing conditions are either preventable or treatable, women account for 64% of global blindness. When adjusted for age, women’s prevalence is still 39% higher than men.^[9] This suggests potential failures in the delivery of equitable access to health services.

Studies find that trachoma, a bacterial infection leading to blindness or visual impairment, is not linked with biological sex; however, women are between 2 to 4 times more likely to be infected than men. Women are also twice as likely to develop serious trichiasis compared to men. Significantly higher prevalence of trachoma in women is linked with increased exposure to infection resulting from traditional responsibilities in childcare and hygiene-related tasks. Studies also highlight differences in the quality of eye care administered between men and women, likely as a result of cultural norms pertaining to gender.^[10]

Section 2.2.2: Psychological Health

The WHO asserts that there are no sex-driven explanations for gendered differences in the prevalence, onset and course of psychological disorders. Discrepancies are attributed to the interaction between biological and social vulnerability, gender roles and gender-based violence which may account for higher prevalence and comorbidity among women.^[11]

These implications on the likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder suggest that a woman’s exposure to and capacity to cope with a disability is negatively impacted by the gendering process. Other studies point to gender bias in measures of psychological well-being, with assessments favoring gender-masculine traits to evaluate as psychologically well.^[12]

Section 2.2.3: Physical Disability

Studies on the interactive process between appraisal of the self and depressive symptoms in the physically disabled highlight the distinction between men and women’s coping experiences. Women with physical disabilities tend to exhibit similar experiences in comparison to women with other disabilities. Contrastingly, men with physical disabilities tend to experience psychological distress through their self-esteem evaluations as well as a sense of devaluation both of which strongly indicate depressive symptoms.^[13] These findings suggest that the needed attention on gender implications may vary from disability to disability.

Section 2.3: Gender Disparities in Treatment

Sex differences in the prevalence or severity of a condition can also be the result of some extra environmental cause, like a systemic failure in healthcare. For example, the increased likelihood for a woman to suffer from a preventable or treatable condition can be due to limited or biased access to treatment. Gender has the potential to limit access to treatment if the contextual norm impacts perceptions of vulnerability, value, autonomy or trust.

The lens through which care-providers communicate and make recommendations for their patient is equally as important as the patients’ willingness to be treated. Both of these elements are susceptible to waiver in the presence of gender bias. For example, studies find that women are much less likely to seek treatment than men. After controlling for differences in demographics, social factors, health needs and economic access, studies find that women use hospital services 21% less than men. ^[14] This study suggests that from a caregiver’s perspective this could have to do with a reluctance to subject women to riskier treatment options. From a patient’s perspective, women may be less likely to accept intensive care due to their own caregiving responsibilities. These findings suggest that repositioning childcare as an androgynous quality could greatly improve women’s experiences in healthcare treatment.

Section III. Global Approach to Accessibility and Treatment

The studies referenced in this article feature case studies from middle-income and low-income countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. In this section, we expand on varying approaches to disability in developing regions.

In a collaborative report on disability, the WHO and World Bank (WB) make a strong distinction between developed and developing countries and their relationships with disability. Although developed countries typically offer greater assistance, disabled persons in developed countries are still typically worse off in their educational and labour market prospects than non-disabled persons with the exception of Norway, Slovakia and Sweden. In developing countries, the World Health Survey identifies households with disabled members as having significantly higher healthcare expenditures than households without disabled members.

Despite a universally higher likelihood to be impoverished if disabled, developing nations have notably insufficient services and provisions for people with disabilities in comparison with developed nations. The World Report on Disability compiles studies across regions in Africa and Asia which indicate a slew of unmet needs in health, welfare, aid, equipment, education and employment. For example, in Malawi, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe less than 50% of the aforementioned needs are met. National studies in Morocco cited limited access to services as one of the most critical barriers for the disabled. Likewise, national studies in China found that approximately 1 in every 4 disabled persons receives no assistance of any kind for their disability.^[15]

According to the Global Gender Gap Report (2020), countries in the Middle East, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa scored amongst the lowest in gender equality.^[16] Current research on the intersectionality between gender and disability does not touch on the discrepancy between developed and developing regions. We believe that the parallels in gender equitability and disability inclusion across development highlight an interesting potential channel for policy reform.

We recommend the inclusion of gender education in existing programs for disability inclusion as well as components addressing disability and access to healthcare in current gender-equality agendas. Global commitments like the Inclusive Education Initiative and the Disability-Inclusive Education in Africa Program have the potential to shift, or otherwise reframe, gender narratives which are worsening outcomes for disabled men and women. ^[17] For example, UNESCO has encouraged countries to advocate for inclusive educational policies, programmes and practices so that children with diverse learning challenges can have improved outcomes[18]. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, educational reform and inclusivity have become major areas of focus in the recovery process. Partnerships based in inclusive, sustainable reform will be key to address many of the issues worsened by the pandemic including quality and accessible education. Implementing reforms in line with the vision of building back a more inclusive world will depend heavily on diversity and empowering minority groups like women and the disabled. The partnership between UNESCO and Global Education Coalition leans into this recovery opportunity and emphasizes the role of the Global Action on Disability Network (GLAD) in their decision-making processes and discussions[19].

As mentioned before, disability is a condition innate to the human experience whether it occurs temporarily or permanently, through early or late onset. Of the same token, gender and its pervasive influence on our perception and behaviors is another often overlooked yet universal experience. Incorporating disability in gender inclusive efforts serves more than just the disabled, and this perspective should be incorporated in policy reform and debate. We suggest that the intersectionality between disability and gender belong at the forefront of policy agendas to serve both developed and developing contexts.

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^[1] World Health Organization. (2019, June 19). Gender and health. World Health Organization / Home / Health Topics / Gender. https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1

[2] Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, September 15). Disability and Health Overview | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/disability.html

^[3] World Health Organization. (2020, January 27). Disability. https://www.who.int/health-topics/disability#tab=tab_1

^[4] Gerschick, T. (2000). Toward a Theory of Disability and Gender. Signs, 25(4), 1263-1268. Retrieved January 29, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3175525

^[5] Fine, M., & Asch, A. (1988). Disability beyond stigma: Social interaction, discrimination, and activism. Journal of Social Issues, 44(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02045.x

^[6]See footnote 5 reference.

^[7]See footnote 5 reference.

^[8]Badr HE, Mourad H Assessment of visual disability using the WHO disability assessment scale (WHO-DAS-II): role of gender British Journal of Ophthalmology 2009;93:1365-1370.

^[9] See footnote 8 reference.

^[10] Doyal L, Das-Bhaumik RG. Sex, gender and blindness: a new framework for equity. BMJ Open Ophthalmology 2018 3:e000135. doi:10.1136/bmjophth-2017-00135

^[11] World Health Organization (WHO). (2002). Gender and mental Health. https://www.who.int/gender/other_health/genderMH.pdf

^[12] Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(19), 3531; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193531

^[13] Brown, R.L. Psychological Distress and the Intersection of Gender and Physical Disability: Considering Gender and Disability-Related Risk Factors. Sex Roles 71, 171–181 (2014). https://doi-org.ezproxy.u-pec.fr/10.1007/s11199-014-0385-5

^[14] Cameron, K. A., Song, J., Manheim, L. M., & Dunlop, D. D. (2010). Gender disparities in health and healthcare use among older adults. Journal of women’s health (2002), 19(9), 1643–1650. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1701

^[15] World Health Organization [and] The World Bank. (2011). World report on disability. Geneva, Switzerland :World Health Organization,

^[16] World Economic Forum. (2020). Global Gender Gap Report 2020. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf

^[17] The World Bank IBRDA + IDA. (2021). Disability Inclusion Overview. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability#3

[18] UNESCO. (2021, April 9). Education for persons with disabilities. https://en.unesco.org/themes/inclusion-in-education/disabilities

[19] UNESCO. (2021b, May 4). GEM 2020: Ensuring a focus on inclusion, equity, and gender equality. https://en.unesco.org/news/gem-2020-ensuring-focus-inclusion-equity-and-gender-equality

From Data to Policy Action: Tackling Gender-Based Discrimination in Social Institutions   

  Virtual Workshop in West Africa    

   27 April 2021   

10:00 AM – 1:00 PM (CET)   

Please kindly register here   

The OECD Development Centre, in partnership with the Sahel and West Africa Club Secretariat (SWAC), invites you to a virtual workshop with grassroots organisations working on gender equality in West Africa on 27 April 2021 at 10:00 Paris time for an interactive policy discussion.    

Building on the OECD’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), the virtual workshop aims to track progress and identify key challenges and opportunities for women’s empowerment and greater gender equality in West Africa. Participants will include grassroots organisations, civil society and research organisations, think tanks, gender experts and advocates, as well as foundations, who will share their perspectives and expertise on gender equality in West Africa across three thematic areas:    

1. Women’s health deprivation and restricted reproductive autonomy;  
2. Women’s economic empowerment and access to productive and financial resources;  
3. Women’s political voice, leadership and agency.   

  This workshop kick-starts the series of virtual policy dialogue events in Africa within the project, “From data to policy action: addressing social institutions governing women’s and men’s behaviour to enhance gender equality in Africa”, supported by the Austrian Development Cooperation.    

Follow the conversation on Twitter with @OECD_Centre, @Wikigender, @SWAC_OECD by using the hashtags #SIGI and #SIGIAfrica

For more information, please contact: dev.gender@oecd.org.

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction
2. Implications for the SDGs with a focus on women and girls
3. Implications for SDG 5 specifically
4. Additional Resources from OECD on COVID-19
5. References

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a severe threat to the achievement of gender-related SDGs and jeopardises some of the improvements observed since 2015 related to gender equality and women’s empowerment. By looking at the state of the SDGs and their interlinkages pre-crisis, it is clearthat the economic and social consequences of the pandemic will exacerbate existing inequalities and discrimination against women and girls, especially against the most marginalised. As was revealed in West Africa during the Ebola crisis (2014-2015) and in Latin America with the Zika outbreak (2015-2016), public health crises can place a hold on gender-transformative policies and reforms, diverting resources away from the past and current needs of women, while the crises themselves actually increase and expand them. With this, it is important to recognize the impact COVID-19 is having, and will continue to have, on the achievement of the SDGs if progressive actions are not taken.

Implications for the SDGs with a focus on women and girls

Given the widespread and multiple implications of the COVID-19 crisis, all SDGs, and particularly those gender-related targets and indicators, are likely to be affected. Recognizing this impact and its gendered nature is a critical first step to designing socio-economic recoveries that will help, not hinder, the achievement of the SDGs and gender equality. Though not an exhaustive list, by looking with a gendered lens, it is clear that at least the following SDGs will be stalled by the current crisis:

• SDG 8 – “Decent Work”: “Women constitute an estimated two-thirds of the health workforce worldwide, and…make up around 85% of nurses and midwives in the 104 countries for which data are available” (OECD, 2020). This sectoral concentration, as well as women’s over-representation in retail and hospitality, means that women are disproportionately exposed to COVID-19 at work.
• SDG 3 – “Good Health and Well-Being”: Resources for reproductive and sexual health are diverted to the emergency response – as we saw during the Ebola crisis in West Africa in 2014-2015, this contributed to an increase in maternal mortality in regions with weak healthcare capacities (Wenham, Smith and Morgan, 2020). For example, in Sierra Leone, post-crisis impact studies uncovered that during the crisis, there was a drop in the use of health services which translated to 3,600 additional maternal, neonatal and stillbirth deaths, under the most conservative estimates, in the year 2014-15 (Sochas, Channon and Nam, 2017).
• SDG 4 – “Quality Education”: The Ebola crisis also revealed a significant increase in adolescent pregnancies following the closure of schools during the outbreak, which in turn translated to higher rates of school dropouts especially for adolescent mothers during the post-crisis period (Bandiera et al., 2019). At the same time, the increased workload of unpaid and domestic care work falling on women’s and girls’ shoulders – in particular caring for the sick—will affect girls’ educational prospects.
• SDG 2 – “Zero Hunger”: In countries where social norms imply a preference for boys over girls, the pandemic might magnify these preferences across a wide array of domains. For instance, restricted food resources might lead households where discriminatory social norms are widespread to favour boys over girls, directly affecting SDG 2. Similarly, in a context of limited resources, preference might be given to boys over girls in terms of education and health (SDGs 3 and 4).
• SDG 1 – “No Poverty” and SDG 10 – “Reduced Inequality”: As the economic consequences of the outbreak – e.g. layoffs, income loss, job insecurity—might disproportionately affect women, an increase in women’s poverty levels around the globe is highly likely.

Implications for SDG 5 specifically 

The pandemic will yield severe consequences on the achievement of SDG 5, “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”, specifically. Before the crisis, it was estimated that 2.1 billion girls and women were living in countries that will not achieve gender equality targets by 2030 (Equal Measures 2030, 2020). As the pace of progress slows down, both developed and developing countries require more time and aggressive action to reach gender equality targets. The following SDG 5 targets will be severely affected:

• SDG 5.1 on eliminating all forms of discrimination against women and girls: According to the OECD’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), new legislation to enhance gender equality and abolish discriminatory laws have benefited from increasing political commitments before the crisis (OECD, 2019). However, the health crisis has crippled the legislative system hindering many government’s abilities to pass and implement new legislation.
• SDG 5.2 on eliminating all violence against women and girls: While recent data show that 18% of women have experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence in the previous 12 months, new evidence shows that domestic violence has increased, especially under lockdowns. For example, the UK’s National Domestic Abuse Helpline say a 25% increase in the number of phone calls in the first week of lockdown and a 150% increase in visits to its website (UN Women, 2020).
• SDG 5.3 on eliminating all harmful practices: Before the crisis, evidence showed a decline in the practice of child marriage in both South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (OECD Development Centre, 2019). As poverty increases in the wake of the pandemic child, early and forced marriage, which often stem from economic considerations under extreme poverty, might also increase in developing countries. Meanwhile, in low-income countries, the health crisis will severely cripple the financial capacities and resources of governments, yielding profound effects on the legislative and enforcement capabilities of these countries. Prosecution of perpetrators of female genital mutilation, for instance, might become even more uneven, and there have been reports that the practice has become more common since the pandemic began.
• SDG 5.4 on recognising unpaid care and domestic work: Prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, women were already performing 75% of household and care work globally (OECD Development Centre, 2019). The present crisis has highlighted the importance of carers who take care of the older members of society as well as those with existing health issues. Moreover, in many places schools have closed, meaning that children are staying home. These dynamics and all that comes with them, increase the time-burden of unpaid care work. It will likely be very challenging to return to the pre-crisis distribution and nearly impossible to achieve an equitable distribution of unpaid care and domestic work between men and women by 2030.
• SDG 5.6 on ensuring access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights: Provision of sexual and reproductive health commodities, including menstrual health items may be impacted as supply chains undergo strain from the pandemic response (UNFPA, 2020). Evidence from the Zika crisis in Latin America showed that gang violence in El Salvador and Brazil directly affected women’s access to sexual and reproductive health services, with informal networks controlling who had access to supplies and who did not.

Conclusions

As the COVID-19 crisis continues, there is growing recognition of the impact it will have on the goals set forth in the 2030 Agenda. While the past months have shown that adaptation is indeed possible, there is a need to look forward at the impact responses to COVID-19 will have on human development worldwide. In looking forward, it is possible to understand that action taken now will fundamentally shape the future. With this recognition comes the possibility to craft policies that are sensitive to gender inequalities and will allow for equitable recoveries.

Additional Resources from OECD on COVID-19 

• Women at the core of the fight against COVID-19 crisis (OECD Publication)
• Tackling coronavirus (COVID‑19) Contributing to a global effort (OECD’s COVID-19 platform)

References: 

Bandiera, O. et al. (2019). “The Economic Lives of Young Women in the Time of Ebola: Lessons from an Empowerment Program”. Impact Evaluation series, No. WPS 8760. World Bank Group, Washington D.C. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/452451551361923106/The-Economic-Lives-of-Young-Women-in-the-Time-of-Ebola-Lessons-from-an-Empowerment-Program.

Equal Measures 2030 (2020). Bending the Curve Towards Gender Equality by 2030. https://www.equalmeasures2030.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/EM2030BendingTheCurveReportMarch2020.pdf.

OECD (2020). Women at the Core of the Fight Against COVID-19 Crisis. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=127_127000-awfnqj80me&title=Women-at-the-core-of-the-fight-against-COVID-19-crisis.

OECD (2019). SIGI 2019 Global Report: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities, Social Institutions and Gender Index. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/bc56d212-en.

OECD Development Centre (2019). Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB) 2019. https://oe.cd/ds/GIDDB2019.

Sochas, L., A. Channon and S. Nam (2017). “Counting indirect crisis-related deaths in the context of a low-resilience health system: the case of maternal and neonatal health during the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone”. Vol. 32, pp. 32-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx108.

UNFPA (2020). COVID-19: A Gender Lens – Protecting sexual and reproductive health and rights, and promoting gender equality. UNFPA. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/COVID-19_A_Gender_Lens_Guidance_Note.pdf.

Wenham, C., J. Smith and R. Morgan (2020). COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak, Lancet Publishing Group. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2.

United Nations (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goal 5. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5.

United Nations (n.d.). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda.

UN Women (2020). COVID-19 and Violence Against Women and Girls: Addressing the Shadow Pandemic.  https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2020/policy-brief-covid-19-and-violence-against-women-and-girls-en.pdf?la=en&vs=5842

Join OECD Ministers and other global leaders at the OECD in Paris on 5-6 February 2020 to discuss how to prevent, address, and eradicate violence against women. Help us secure a commitment from OECD governments to end violence against women. The time to act is now.

• Draft agenda available here: http://www.oecd.org/fr/els/soc/ending-violence-against-women-2020.htm
• Call to action: http://www.oecd.org/gender/VaW2020-Call-to-Action-OECD.pdf

Remarks by Angel Gurría,

Secretary-General, OECD

New York, 21 September 2016

(As prepared for delivery)

Your Excellency Dalia Grybauskaite, Excellencies, Ministers, dear colleagues,

It is a great privilege to be here alongside world leaders who are working to end violence against women and girls. Violence that is an affront to our basic human rights, and that affects not only individuals, but also our families, our societies, and our economies.

Those of us who were here in New York last year for the launch of the SDGs will recall the excitement, the ambition, the genuine consensus. The inclusion of a target for the elimination of all forms of violence against women and girls is, I believe, a particularly strong achievement of the SDGs. Now we need to get on and do it!

Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, no country is immune from this pandemic, and no country can afford to ignore it. Each of us must be part of the solution.

At the OECD, we’re deploying all the tools we have to support these efforts. This includes better evidence, improved public policies, and enforceable standards. Allow me to say a few words about each of these.

More data, better quantification of the costs of violence against women

First, we’re increasing our focus on evidence. Data on the prevalence and incidence of gender-based violence remain scarce, yet it’s crucial if we’re serious about meeting SDG Target 5.2.

Our new research will enable cross-country comparison across all OECD countries. And as we work with the OECD countries to track what they’re doing to tackle violence against women and girls, we will also track what they do to support partner countries. Just last year we upgraded our statistical system to allow us to track – for the first time ever – aid in support of ending violence against women.

Evidence of effort also needs to be matched with evidence of impact. And here I am talking about impact on people – on individual women and girls. We will expand our work on well-being to shine a spotlight on the links between women’s well-being and violence. We will look at quantifying the true costs of violence by including the impact on subjective well-being. Initial research suggests that being assaulted may be equivalent, in life satisfaction terms, to losing between 50,000 and 90,000 US dollars in annual income. It might sound crude – and sometimes these estimates are – but very often, putting a number to an issue is an effective way of drawing attention to it.

Better policies to help stamp out discrimination

Second, we will focus on policies that respond to the discriminatory social norms that drive violence. Our Social Institutions and Gender Index, or SIGI, looks at laws, attitudes, social norms and practices around violence against women. Across the 160 countries included in SIGI, one in three women agrees that domestic violence is justified; in some countries, these acceptance rates climb close to 90%. How can we even begin to tackle violence if women believe it can be justified?

Our estimates suggest that discriminatory social institutions – including violence against women – cost the global economy approximately 12 trillion US dollars a year. So while it is critical to put in place laws, budgets and plans to transform discriminatory social norms, we also need to empower women and girls, men and boys, to challenge – and change – these norms.

Better standards, safer economies

Finally, we will continue our work on global standards to empower women as economic actors and prevent violence against them in global supply chains. We are particularly proud of our co-operation with the UN Security Council to prevent conflict financing and violence against women in the production and trade of minerals from the Democratic Republic of Congo and in Côte d’Ivoire, for example. This work has helped to improve market access for more than 100,000 artisanal miners, many of them women. It’s also helped to eradicate the economic opportunities that fuel the armed groups that prey on women and girls.

Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, I have shared just a few examples of how we, at the OECD, are acting on violence against women. Better data, better policies, better standards. The human rights imperative is crystal clear. The economic case has been made. Now let’s get on and deliver better gender policies and better policies on violence against women and girls.

Thank you.

Resources

• OECD work on gender equality
• Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, in New York from 18 to 23 September 2016

What

The online discussion is organised in the context of EIGE’s Study on terminology and indicators used in data collection on femicide, rape and intimate partner violence carried out by the contractor Milieu Ltd. The study aims to address the lack of comparable and reliable EU-wide data on violence against women.

If you have expertise in policy and data collection on violence against women, you are invited to join this online discussion to:

• Assess proposed indicators for the data collection on rape, femicide and intimate partner violence
• Assess together the relevance, measurability, specificity, complementarity and feasibility of the proposed indicators
• Refine the indicators’ proposed definition, units of measurement, breakdowns and calculations
• Discuss possible future policy recommendations in this area.

Experts from Milieu Ltd. will be facilitating the online discussion and will be answering further questions related to the Study.

When

Thursday 7th July

10.00 am – 17.30 CEST.

Where

The online discussion will be taking place on the EuroGender website.

How to attend

If you are already a registered member of EuroGender, please click on 7 July on EuroGender Calendar and Join the event.  If you are not, please click here to register.  Only fields marked with * are compulsory.

Resources

A Europe free from gender-based violence (EIGE)

Agenda for the online discussion- Proposed indicators for data collection on femicide, rape and intimate partner violence (EIGE)

Table of Contents

• 1 About End Violence Against Women
• 2 Goals
• 3 Campaigns
• 4 Impact
• 5 Publications
• 6 See also
• 7 External links

About End Violence Against Women

EVAW is Co-Chaired by Professor Liz Kelly and Marai Larasi. Its Executive Director is Holly Dustin.

Goals

EVAW’s vision is of a society where women and girls can live their lives free from violence and the threat of violence.
To achieve this the Coalition has four campaign goals:

1.To ensure that national, regional and local governments in the UK take all steps necessary to prevent and eliminate violence against women and girls including:

• Developing integrated and strategic approaches to violence against women that are compliant with international and national obligations
• Make prevention a core policy priority and invest in primary prevention
• Ensuring that every woman and girl across the nations and regions of the UK has access to the support services that will end the violence and support them in rebuilding their lives

2.To enable individuals and organisations to become part of a movement to eliminate violence against women and girls including:

• Increasing the capacity of civil society to support victims and challenge perpetrators
• Changing the cultural acceptance of violence against women

3.For violence against women to be understood as a cause and consequence of women’s inequality and a violation of human rights
4.Sharing information and innovative practice around the UK to develop campaign strategies and provide a coherent voice to governments.

Campaigns

• Keep the promise

Working with our members around the UK, we campaign for UK governments at national, regional and local levels to keep the promise to comply with international obligations under CEDAW, the Beijing Platform for Action and the Istanbul Convention to develop strategic and integrated approaches to tackling and eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls

• Schools Safe 4 Girls

We campaign for the Westminster Government to take action to prevent VAWG before it begines. Our Schools Safe 4 Girls campaign builds on A Different World is Possible, a report developed with our experts setting out action needed including tackling harmful attitudes and behaviours at an early age through the education system.

• Map of Gaps

We worked with the Equality and Human Rights Commission to publish a series of Map of Gaps reports which exposed the postcode lottery of specialised women’s support services in the UK.

• London Safe for all Women

We work with our members in London to campaign for the Capital to be a global leader on women’s safety and support.

• Media sexism

We campaign for action against a sexist and sexualised media that provides a conducive context for VAWG to occur. This includes giving evidence to the Leveson Inquiry with our members Eaves, Equality Now and Object/Turn Your Back on Page Three.

Impact

• The publication of VAWG strategies in Westminster, Wales, London and local areas which represented a major shift in public policy from a fractured approach tackling single issues, to a more strategic and coordinated approach.
• Giving evidence to the Leveson Inquiry with Coalition members Eaves, Object/Turn Your Back on Page 3 and Equality Now about media sexism, the objectification of women and the harmful impact of prejudicial reporting of VAWG. Media report here.
• Producing Jack-Ass style short film, We Are Man, to tackle young men’s attitudes to sexual harassment and rape.
• Campaigning for work in schools to prevent violence including our 2010 Yougov poll revealing high levels of sexual harassment in schools.
• Exposing the postcode lottery of women’s support services in the Map of Gaps campaign with the Equality and Human Rights Commission.
• Campaigning for London to be a global leader on women’s safety including campaigning on the Olympics, sexual harassment on public transport and ongoing commitment to a pan-London VAWG strategy.

Publications

• A Different World is Possible: A call for long-term and targeted action to prevent violence against women and girls
• A Different World is Possible: Promising practices to prevent violence against women and girls
• Just the Women (with Eaves, Equality Now and Object)
• Leveson Inquiry submissions
• Making the Grade? Northern Ireland
• Making the Grade? UK 2005
• Making the Grade? UK 2006
• Map of Gaps 1
• Map of Gaps 2
• Realising Rights, Fulfilling Obligations
• Violence Against Women and Sport: A Literature Review

See also

• Online Discussion: ‘Transforming social norms to prevent violence against women and girls.’

External links

• More information about EVAW http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/
• Like us on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/endviolenceagainstwomen
• Follow us on Twitter https://twitter.com/EVAWhd

About the Future Policy Award

The Future Policy Award was created in 2009 by the World Future Council,Please visit the World Future Council’s website for further information: http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/ an international forum made up of 50 eminent personalities who advocate the rights of future generations.
It is the first international prize which celebrates exemplary laws and policies rather than people. Its main purpose is to promote existing long-term political solutions to pressing problems.

2014: Ending Violence against Women and Girls

In partnership with the Inter-Parliamentary Union and United Nations Women, the 2014 Future Policy Award is dedicated to ending Violence against women, which is one of the most pervasive human rights violations humanity faces. While it remains crucial to unveil the prevalence of the phenomenon all over the globe and to hold to account governments that fail to protect women and girls, the Future Policy Award endeavours to counter fatalism by identifying and spreading existing solutions. Legislative and policy initiatives which have positively contributed to the eradication of violence against women and girls will be highlighted and promoted.

Selection process

Internationally renowned experts on the issue were invited to submit nominations on 14th February 2014. Eligible laws and policies can be local, national, regional or international in nature and originate in different policy arenas.

Laws and policies from all over the world have been proposed as candidates for the award. They are currently being reviewed in a thorough research process and will be evaluated by a high-level international jury.

The winner(s) will be announced at the Future Policy Award ceremony, which will take place during the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s 131st Assembly in Geneva in October 2014.

References

See also

• Inter-Parliamentary Union

• United Nations Women

External links

• Official page of the Future Policy Award 2014
• The Huffington Post, 13 February 2014″>Jakob von Uexkull, founder of the World Future Council. “Future Justice Means Justice for Women and Girls” in: The Huffington Post, 13 February 2014
• One Billion Rising for Justice“>”World Future Council: No Future Justice Without Justice for Women and Girls”, in: One Billion Rising for Justice

Social networks

• The World Future Council on Facebook
• The World Future Council on Twitter
• The World Future Council App for Android and IOS (iPhone)

Table of Contents

• 1 Cri de Femme Festival International de Poésie
• 2 À propos de Cri de Femme
• 3 Influence
  • 3.1 Femmes Poètes International
• 4 Voir aussi
• 5 Liens externes

Cri de Femme Festival International de Poésie

Le Festival International de Poésie Cri de Femme est une création de la poète dominicaine: Jael Uribe fondatrice du Mouvement Femmes Poètes International (MPI) en l’honneur des femmes dans et contre la violence, célébré partout dans le monde. Il se déroule durant tout le mois de mars dans différents pays. Des femmes et hommes musiciens, artistes, performances et poètes y participent.

À propos de Cri de Femme

Cri de Femme est célébré pendant tout le mois de mars (du 1er au 31) chaque année. Cet évènement est titulaire d’un intérêt poétique en ce qui concerne la violence envers les femmes, problématique qui affecte la parole et utilise la poésie et les arts des hommes et des femmes afin de promouvoir le respect et la non-violence contre les femmes. Le festival a lieu à travers le monde avec l’aide des membres solitaires et non membres du mouvement qui se joignent à la cause.

Influence

Cri de Femme a été célébré dans plus de 100 villes partout dans le monde. Hommes et femmes deviennent ambassadeurs de bonne volonté de cette cause et participant à la coordination d’événements attachés à ses directrices pour fait un travail d’équipe. Les pays participant à Cri de Femme sont: Mexique , Espagne , États-Unis, Grèce , Afrique, Venezuela , Colombie , Puerto Rico , Nicaragua , Tanzanie , Zimbabwe , Maroc , Panama , Cuba , Chile , Argentine , Russie, Inde , Équateur (pays), Pérou , Guatemala , Honduras , Bolivie , Allemagne , Gender Equality in Luxembourg (pays), France , Kosovo, Antigua-et-Barbuda, Israël , Nouvelle-Zélande, Lesotho , Australie , entre autres.

Femmes Poètes International

Movimiento Mujeres Poetas Internacional (espagnol)

Voir aussi

• Cri de Femme

Liens externes

• Women Poets International (MPI)
• Festival Internacional de Poesía “Grito de Mujer” (MPI)